基于LMDI模型的乌鲁木齐工业废气排放影响因素研究

本文运用对数平均的LMDI 分解模型,选取工业SO₂、工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为污染物指标,将2006—2013 年,乌鲁木齐工业废气排放量影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,考虑到技术效应机制的复杂性,进一步将技术效应细化为污染治理效应和清洁技术效应。研究结果表明:规模效应和结构效应增加乌鲁木齐工业废气排放,其中规模效应对工业废气排放量贡献率由2007 年的119.10%增加到2013 年的263.03%,结构效应对工业废气排放量的增加也起到一定的促进作用,但影响效果远低于规模效应,年贡献率均低于10%,技术效应阻碍工业废气排放的增加,贡献率由2007 年的-19.86%增加到2013 年的-172.50%。制造业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业废气排放量占工业废气排放总量的70% 左右,是乌鲁木齐工业废气污染的主要行业。清洁技术效应对SO₂ 的减排起促进作用,是阻碍工业SO₂ 排放量增加的主要因素。污染治理效应是工业烟(粉)尘的减排主要因素,说明目前乌鲁木齐工业烟(粉)尘的减排依赖于排放后的治理。     

Determination of urine-derived odorous compounds in a source separation sanitation system

Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.     

The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities

Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream.Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers(∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene,pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene(collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic,WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants(∑BDE-10: 45,000–210,000 μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300–13,000 μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations(∑BDE-10: 9000–195,000 pg/m~3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80–900 pg/m~3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations(e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15–3500 ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1–250 ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwastewere measured(for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwastecompared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.     

西北地区物流网络搭建与环境保护关系研究

西北地区雾霾风沙较大,环境保护形势严峻,在搭建西北地区物流网络过程中,要尽量降低物流排放,缩短物流路径,提高环境保护效果.提出一种物流资源属性组合配置的西北地区物流网络搭建模型,分析物流网络搭建与环境保护的关系,从静态属性和动态属性两部分出发进行物流网络搭建和网络拓扑控制,采用前向树状拓扑控制协议进行物流资源属性优化组合配置,降低物流资源损耗和污染物质排放量,实现节能减排,促进环境保护机制的有效形成.研究表明,通过对西北地区物流网络优化搭建,物流链路中的碳排放得到有效降低,提高了环境保护的效能.     

三峡库区典型消落带CH4排放的变化特征及影响因素

为了探讨亚热带水库消落带CH_4的排放规律,选取三峡库区王家沟一典型消落带内5个高程(180、175、165、155及140 m)为研究对象,其中175、165和155 m位于消落带上,180 m高程为永不淹水的陆地,140 m高程为永久淹水对照区.采用静态暗箱、浮箱/气相色谱法对各高程生态系统CH_4的排放进行了为期两年的连续观测.结果表明,175 m和165 m高程在实验观测的第一年CH_4排放通量变化不明显,而155 m和140 m高程处表现为单峰型的夏季CH_4排放高峰;次年在三峡水库实现最高蓄水位175 m后,175 m高程在淹水期间CH_4排放呈现单峰态,之后表现为源汇交替的无规律排放,而165m、155 m以及140 m高程均大致呈现出冬季高CH_4排放的单峰态;在整个观测期间,180 m高程CH_4排放通量较为稳定,未出现明显峰值.另外,位于消落带上的175、165和155 m高程均表现为淹水期CH_4排放大于落干期.各高程处CH_4年累积排放量为140 m(99.58 kg·hm~(-2))155 m(82.98 kg·hm~(-2))165 m(65.38 kg·hm~(-2))180 m(6.32 kg·hm~(-2))175 m(4.27 kg·hm~(-2)),表明淹水时间越长的土壤,其环境更有利于CH_4的产生.相关性分析显示,陆地与消落带落干期的CH_4排放与土壤碳组分及pH无显著相关性,但CH_4排放通量随土壤含水率的增加而增大;水-气界面上,140 m高程CH_4排放通量与水深有显著线性负相关关系;表明土壤含水率是影响消落带落干期CH_4排放的关键因子之一,而水-气界面上CH_4的排放则受到淹水深度的调控.     

中国电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

以近年来中国用量增长最快的电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池为对象,建立了生命周期环境影响评价模型,分析了从原材料生产、电池生产、电池运输、电池使用和废旧铅酸蓄电池及含铅废物回收处理全生命周期的环境影响.研究采用了大量企业调研数据和中国本土LCA数据库,以期反映整个中国铅酸蓄电池产业链的技术工艺和环境管理水平现状.结果表明,原材料生产和电池使用是资源(含能源)消耗的主要阶段,贡献了电池全生命周期绝大部分的环境影响.原材料生产贡献最多的全生命周期环境影响包括非生物资源耗竭(699%)、富营养化(89%)、光化学烟雾(98%)、臭氧层破坏(117%)、人体毒性(159%)和生态毒性(484%).电池使用过程的电耗间接消耗了83%的一次能源,相应地贡献了最多的气候变暖潜值(86%)和酸化潜值(70%).废旧铅酸蓄电池和含铅废物回收再生铅可抵消很大一部分原材料生产造成的环境影响.延长电池寿命,减少电池生产金属用量及提高废旧电池回收处理过程的工艺技术和污染控制水平也是减少铅酸蓄电池生命周期环境影响的关键.     

不同量碳源输入梯度下果园排水沟底泥氮素反硝化与N2O排放研究

果园是太湖地区重要的经济作物,但是氮肥投入量大,氮素损失严重,使得排水沟道的活化氮浓度高,碳氮比下降,碳源可能是影响沟道底泥硝化与反硝化作用的限制因子.因此,采集了果园排水沟道沉积物,在实验室条件下,设计了C_0、C_1、C_2、C_3、C_4这5种有机碳源(葡萄糖)浓度水平,分别为0、5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1),同时分别输入了5 mg·L-1的硝酸钾溶液.采用乙炔抑制法来研究果园排水沟道土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明,加入碳源使土壤的反硝化速率(DN)和N_2O排放速率均有一定的增加,碳氮比对N_2O排放速率和DN的影响均极为显著(P0.05);碳氮比为10∶1时,累积反硝化损失总量和N_2O累积排放总量均较大(分别为319.26μg·kg~(-1)和6.20μg·kg~(-1)),占净氮的输入量比例均较高(分别为1.28%和0.02%),说明该处理情况下虽然对于沟道反硝化非常有利,利于去除土壤底泥中富集的氮素,但同时也增加了温室气体N_2O的排放.     

基于台架测试的我国船用柴油机废气排放因子

基于燃油消耗和基于船舶活动两种方法准确测算我国水路运输行业的废气排放量,对我国生产的分别满足国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)NO_xTierⅠ、TierⅡ标准的76台和113台船用柴油机母型机排放测试报告进行了统计分析,研究确定了二冲程主机、四冲程主机和四冲程副机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于燃油的排放因子和基于做功的排放因子.结果表明,不同类型柴油机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于燃油的排放因子分别为30.67~76.55、3.01~6.13、1.25~2.24和3 141.15~3 165.63 kg·t~(-1);不同类型柴油机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于做功的排放因子分别为6.83~13.64、0.61~1.35、0.21~0.50和534.04~745.18 g·(k W·h)~(-1).不同类型柴油机基于做功的排放因子与柴油机负荷密切相关,并可用幂函数或二次多项式来表达其关系;另外,通过对国外机构采用的排放因子进行简单的修正难以真实反映我国船用柴油机排放技术水平.相关研究结果为我国船舶排放清单的测算提供了具有适用性的基础数据.     

Methane emissions from MBT landfills

Within the scope of an investigation for the German Federal Environment Agency (“Umweltbundesamt”), the basics for the estimation of the methane emissions from the landfilling of mechanically and biologically treated waste (MBT) were developed. For this purpose, topical research including monitoring results regarding the gas balance at MBT landfills was evaluated.For waste treated to the required German standards, a methane formation potential of approximately 18–24 m³ CH₄/t of total dry solids may be expected. Monitoring results from MBT landfills show that a three-phase model with differentiated half-lives describes the degradation kinetics in the best way. This is due to the fact that during the first years of disposal, the anaerobic degradation processes still proceed relatively intensively. In addition in the long term (decades), a residual gas production at a low level is still to be expected.Most of the soils used in recultivation layer systems at German landfills show a relatively high methane oxidation capacity up to 5 l CH₄/(m² h). However, measurements at MBT disposal sites indicate that the majority of the landfill gas (in particular at non-covered areas), leaves the landfill body via preferred gas emission zones (hot spots) without significant methane oxidation. Therefore, rather low methane oxidation factors are recommended for open and temporarily covered MBT landfills. Higher methane oxidation rates can be achieved when the soil/recultivation layer is adequately designed and operated.Based on the elaborated default values, the First Order Decay (FOD) model of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006, was used to estimate the methane emissions from MBT landfills. Due to the calculation made by the authors emissions in the range of 60,000–135,000 t CO_2-eq./a for all German MBT landfills can be expected. This wide range shows the uncertainties when the here used procedure and the limited available data are applied. It is therefore necessary to generate more data in the future in order to calculate more precise methane emission rates from MBT landfills. This is important for the overall calculation of the climate gas production in Germany which is required once a year by the German Government.     

Trends of SO2emission in the European union, 1985–1997

The trends of yearly emission of sulphur dioxide are analysed for the European Union during a period of time from 1985 to 1997. To achieve the above matter the method of the least squares model has been used. Major SO₂emissions were found in Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy and France. However, high SO₂emissions by km²were found in Germany, the United Kingdom and Belgium. The most remarkable results of the trend analysis appears as follows: 12 countries with significant downward trends, 2 countries with significant upward trends and 1 country with no significant trend. A decreasing trend is evident for the most part of the E.U., although Portugal and Greece generated significant increasing trends of SO₂emission for the mentioned year period.